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Nelson Goodman's New Riddle of Induction (Philosophy of Nelson Goodman: Selected Essays)From Brand: Routledge
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A challenger of traditions and boundaries A pivotal figure in 20th-century philosophy, Nelson Goodman has made seminal contributions to metaphysics, epistemology, aesthetics, and the philosophy of language, with surprising connections that cut across traditional boundaries. In the early 1950s, Goodman, Quine, and White published a series of papers that threatened to torpedo fundamental assumptions of traditional philosophy. They advocated repudiating analyticity, necessity, and prior assumptions. Some philosophers, realizing the seismic effects repudiation would cause, argued that philosophy should retain the familiar framework. Others considered the arguments compelling, but despaired of doing philosophy without the framework. Goodman disagreed with both factions. Rather than regretting the loss of structure, he capitalized on the opportunities that arise when the strictures of tradition are loosened.
- Sales Rank: #13168430 in Books
- Brand: Brand: Routledge
- Published on: 1997-01-01
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 9.02" h x .81" w x 5.98" l, 1.31 pounds
- Binding: Library Binding
- 312 pages
- Used Book in Good Condition
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Analytic apologetics
By Viktor Blasjo
The "new riddle of induction" is the grue paradox. Something is grue if and only if it is green before T and blue after T, where T is some specified time in the future. Now, any inductive evidence for the hypothesis that "all emeralds are green" are likewise, it would seem, inductive evidence for the hypothesis "all emeralds are grue." This calls into question whether we can have any meaningful inductive knowledge at all.
Among the various replies to this riddle, I wish to comment on that by Barker & Achinstein (pp. 59-70). This reply is instructive in that it epitomises the knee-jerk reaction of mainstream analytic philosophers. As ever, the goal of these people is not to embrace fascinating questions about the nature of science, but rather to defend a naive logical-empiricist view of science at all costs. Mainstream analytic philosophy of science spends much of its time back-pedalling in support of the status quo in this manner.
To this end Barker & Achinstein set out to prove that grue is more artificial than green. That is to say, they wish to find something inherently unnatural about grue that we feel justifies our dismissing it as a viable predicate for projection. They do this by arguing that a "Mr Grue" would be unable to colour a painting without knowing what date it is supposed to represent.
Mr Grue means a person who perceives colours in grue terms, i.e., when he is looking at a green emerald he sees it as grue (as a matter of "raw perceptual data"—i.e., he is not seeing it as green and then interpreting it in terms of our definition of grue). If the emerald turned blue at T it would look to him as if it stayed the exact same colour. This is what he expects to happen; he projects his colours just as we project ours. If the emerald stays green it will look to him as if it abruptly switched colour at T. It is not immediately obvious that Mr Grue's predicates are more artificial than ours, for although his predicates depend on T when defined in terms of ours, the converse is also true, e.g., something is green iff it is grue before T and bleen after T (bleen means blue before T and green after T).
Barker & Achinstein attempt to prove Mr Grue's artificiality as follows. Suppose we ask Mr Grue now (i.e. pre-T) to draw a picture of what grass will look like post-T. What crayon will he use: green or blue? Barker & Achinstein claim that Mr Grue will choose the blue crayon. From there they easily show that his position is inferior to ours (e.g., since he uses green crayon for present-time grass, he cannot colour a drawing without knowing what date it is suppose to represent).
I say: Mr Grue would not use the blue crayon. Mr Grue knows that grass is grue now. He therefore expects it to be grue in the future as well. Thus he will use a grue crayon (i.e. what we consider to be a green crayon).
Why, then, do Barker & Achinstein insist that Mr Grue must choose the blue crayon? Their proof is this. Mr Grue wants to colour the grass grue. But grue is supposed to be interchangeable with its definiens "green before T and blue after T," so if Mr Grue uses the green crayon then the definiens does not apply to the grass in the picture since its date is post-T and yet it is green. Hence Mr Grue must use the blue crayon.
But it is not reasonable to expect the definiens to apply in this manner, as we can see by inverting the proof. Suppose Mr Grue asks us now to draw the post-T-grass, and supplies us with (what he considers to be) grue and bleen crayons (i.e. what we consider to be green and blue crayons; it may be the very same crayons we offered him). Then Barker & Achinstein's proof shows that we cannot choose the grue (i.e. green) crayon, as follows. We want to colour the grass green. The definiens of green is "grue before T and bleen after T," so if we use the grue crayon then the definiens does not apply to the grass in the picture since its date is post-T and yet it is grue. Hence we must use the bleen crayon, i.e., we must colour the grass blue. This shows the absurdity of Barker & Achinstein's argument.
In other words, the situation is entirely symmetrical between us and Mr Grue. While Barker & Achinstein argue as follows:
Mr Grue thinks grass is grue now and will remain grue post-T. Therefore Mr Grue always uses a grue crayon to colour grass, no matter which time the drawing is supposed to represent. In terms of our predicates, however, Mr Grue expects the grass to switch colour. Therefore it seems absurd to us that Mr Grue uses the same crayon for both pre-T and post-T grass.
Mr Grue could give a precisely analogous argument with equal justification:
We think grass is green now and will remain green post-T. Therefore we always use a green crayon to colour grass, no matter which time the drawing is supposed to represent. In terms of Mr Grue's predicates, however, we expect the grass to switch colour. Therefore it seems absurd to Mr Grue that we use the same crayon for both pre-T and post-T grass.
Therefore there is no foundation here for concluding that Mr Grue's colour predicates are more artificial than ours.
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